What is the scientific study of population characteristics called?

The scientific study of population characteristics is referred to as demography. This field focuses on the statistical characteristics of human populations, including size, distribution, density, and changes over time due to birth, death, migration, and aging. Demographers analyze trends and patterns to understand how populations evolve and what factors influence these changes.

For instance, demography is crucial for planning in areas such as public health, education, and urban development, as it provides insight into the age structure, gender ratios, and potential growth rates of populations. By understanding these characteristics, policymakers can make informed decisions that cater to the needs of different demographic groups.

In contrast, ecology examines the relationships between organisms and their environments. Population genetics studies the genetic composition of populations and how it changes over time due to factors like natural selection and genetic drift. Sociology deals with the development, structure, and functioning of human society but does not specifically focus on statistical analysis of population characteristics. Thus, demography is the precise term that encapsulates the study of population characteristics.